The Altay’s human rectum and anus model is an important medical device for surgery research. The human anus model is a reusable cadaver model that surgeons can use to test their device designs. But there are a few challenges associated with cadaver procurement. For this reason, medical device R&D engineers needed to create a reusable model to test their designs. Here are some of the solutions they came up with.
Altay’s Model of the Human Rectum and Anus
The rectum is the section of the digestive tract above the anus, containing stools. The rectum is made up of surface layers of the body and the intestine, and the lining is glistening red tissue with mucus glands. It is relatively insensitive to pain, but nerves in the anus are highly sensitive. The human rectum and anus are closely related and are often seen as one and the same.
A one-piece Altay’s model of the human anus and rectum illustrates the anatomy and structure of the anus and rectum. The model includes the internal and external sphincter muscles, mucous membrane, anal valves, and ampullae. This model is 20 cm tall and 10 cm wide. The model is also useful for teaching anatomy and pathology to medical students.
Hepatocyte Growth factor
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a multifunctional polypeptide that has been implicated in the development of tissue and tumors, as well as wound repair. It acts on epithelial cells and is dependent on its ability to bind to the c-Met receptor. Using an artificial anus model, researchers examined the localization of HGF and c-Met in epithelial cells. They used in situ hybridization to determine which cell types were expressing the growth factor.
HGF expression in the anus is measured by whole-mount in situ hybridization. In mice, expression of HGF is highest in the anal region and decreases with time. In a rat model of HGF in the anus, the HGF/c-met system is critical for liver development and is expressed in the ventral mesoderm and perianal cavity. It is also expressed in the pronephric tubules, ectoderm, and posterior mesoderm near the anus.
In the anus, adenoviral human hepatocyte growth factor (hHGF) intramuscular gene transduction prevented crypt destruction in DSS-induced colitis. The hHGF-treated mice showed significantly reduced crypt damage at day 15.
In the study, HGF levels were detected in faecal samples of infected and healthy patients. Immunoblotting showed that HGF has a high affinity for dextran and two bands were detected at 65 and 35 KDa. The results also revealed that HGF expression was higher in proximally taken faecal samples than in the distal faecal samples. Hepatocyte growth factor in the anus model is largely due to a faecal HGF production by the liver.
Antibiotics
The microbiota of the anus in WT and TashTTg/T mice was similarly affected by antibiotics. Interestingly, antibiotic-induced dysbiosis affected motility parameters, too. The following figure shows the age at which TashTTg/T mice die in the megacolon model of antibiotic-induced dysbiosis. Ages are given in parentheses. The representative images of whole colons in TashTTg/T and WT mice are shown in the figures.
Mice treated with antibiotics exhibited the expected phenotypic signature of antibiotic-induced anal inflammation, including brown cecum, enlarged cecum, and depletion of mucosal glial cells. Antibiotic-treated mice exhibited growth retardation and enlarged cecum. Further, compared to controls, antibiotic-treated mice had less mucus and a lower C-reactive protein level.
Reusable Rectum Model
A reusable rectum anus model was needed for surgical testing, but there was a major problem: there were no anal fistula models available and it would be difficult to obtain a cadaver with one. As a medical device R&D engineer, I wanted to develop a model that surgeons could use to test their device design. I teamed up with a plastics and mechanical engineer to create a reusable rectum anus model that surgeons could use to test the designs of their devices before using them on live patients.
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